Urban Vegetation and Population Variability in Pakistan. A GIS and Remote Sensing Analysis of Peshawar, Karachi, and Lahore (1990-2020)

Abstract

This research examines urbanization and demographic variations of Peshawar, Karachi, and Lahore that can be found in years from 1990 to 2020, the use of GIS and remote sensing technology has been utilized in this research. The research proposes to use the data from Landsat imagery received through NDVI and NDBI values to have a clear picture of how population changes, urbanization and vegetation cover are related. The research uses two indices: NDVI and NDBI, together with data from the census, to carry out a detailed analysis of the growth of cities, changes in vegetation cover, and the distribution of population. The study reveals distinct trends across the three cities: Lahore and Peshawar among others experience a tangible upsurge in NDBI values with time, implying a fast urban sprawl and an increase in built-up area. As NDVI values fall, it is a tell-tale sign that the urbanization process is accompanied by a reduction in vegetation. Besides, Karachi showed relatively constant NDVI values even in conjunction with the urban growth, however, its NDBI values have increased notably, showing the rapid urbanization without massive vegetation decrease Such facts demonstrate the interplay between urban expansion and ecological changes, thus the need for sustainable city development and green infrastructure is pointed out to decrease the negative aspects. The study also advocates a much clearer perception of urbanization fluctuations at the regional level and suggests consequently designed targeted strategies for urban management and environmental conservation in Pakistan.