From Protest to Violence: Ecoterrorism as an Emerging Security Challenge

Abstract

Climate change has emerged as a strategic security concern globally, with its severity intensifying at an alarming pace. In parallel, incidents of environmental extremism and ecoterrorism are becoming increasingly frequent. Ecoterrorism, a global phenomenon, involves the use of violence or illegal means driven by environmental motives. It has evolved in response to the escalating impacts of climate change and environmental degradation. This phenomenon is characterised by the actions of radical environmental groups that resort to unlawful and often violent methods to protest against ecological destruction and perceived governmental inaction regarding climate policy. This research explores the historical foundations, ideological underpinnings, and significant incidents associated with ecoterrorism. The analysis offers global perspectives on the issue. In addition, the study examines relevant international anti-terrorism legal frameworks, proposes potential strategies for mitigation, and considers the broader implications of this emerging threat. Drawing on open-source data, the article contends that ecoterrorism represents an escalating security risk likely to intensify as environmental extremism becomes further radicalised. It underscores the pressing need for greater global awareness of ecoterrorism, as mostly the issue remains under-recognised and is frequently conflated with ordinary criminal behaviour. The paper concludes that robust international legal measures and decisive policy responses are essential to address this pressing challenge effectively.