Virtual Nutrients Trade in Selected Agricultural Commodities of Pakistan

Abstract

Virtual nutrient trade refers to the transmission of nutrients across regions or countries through the trade of agricultural products. When a region imports food, it also imports the nutrients embedded in that food, affecting local nutrient cycles and agricultural practices. This nutrient flow can have significant implications for sustainability and food security, with potential benefits for nutrient-deficient regions but risks of nutrient depletion in exporting areas. This study estimates the amounts of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Sulfur (S), and Gypsum embodied in selected agricultural commodities i.e. wheat, rice, maize, cotton, and sugarcane across the provinces of Pakistan. By analyzing production and consumption data for the 2021-22 period, the study calculates the net virtual nutrient flows between provinces. Regions with a negative balance are identified as net importers of nutrients, while those with a positive balance are net exporters. Results indicate that Punjab is a major nutrient-exporting province, particularly for rice, while Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan are primarily net importers of virtual nutrients. The study recommends promoting sustainable agricultural practices in nutrient-deficient regions to enhance local nutrient availability and reduce dependence on imports.